By Irina

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its entirety, electronically or in print, as long as the
bylines are included. Other articles by Irina are available
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Medical experts all agree that good health depends on
improved access to and increased use of preventive
services. With health insurance premiums being what they
are and skyrocketing even further year after year, the
first part (affordable access to quality healthcare) can
serve as a worthy subject for a whole book. Notwithstanding
the significance of the problem, it is beyond the scope of
this article. More information on getting affordable access
to quality healthcare is available from
http://www.megaone.com/hbb/savemoney/affordable.html

If you already have access to preventive services, you are
responsible, in large part, for managing your own care.
Your primary-care practitioner is your partner, but
numerous decisions of paramount importance are up to you.
The following should help to decide if you need any of the
tests listed below. You should, if possible, have a copy of
your test results and records.

These are the major screening tests (that is, routine tests
for people without symptoms) and adult immunizations. The
advice is based largely on the recommendations of the U.S.
Preventive Services Task Force. Most HMOs and Medicare
cover these services; fewer traditional insurers pay for
them. Infants, children, and pregnant women need other
kinds of preventive care not described here.

- Blood pressure measurement (to detect hypertension)
Who needs: All adults.
How often: Once every 2 years for those with normal blood
pressure.
Comments: More frequent monitoring for those with readings
of 130/85 or higher.

- Cholesterol measurement
Who needs: All adults.
How often: Once every 5 years. More often if total or LDL
("bad") cholesterol is high, HDL ("good") is low, and/or
you have risk factors.
Comments: Those at high risk for heart disease need medical
advice about life-style changes and possibly drug therapy.

- Diabetes screening (fasting blood glucose test)
Who needs: Everyone 45 and older; earlier for those at high
risk.
How often: Every 3 years.
Comments: Blacks, Hispanics, Asians, Native Americans,
obese people, and those with a strong family history need
more frequent screening, starting at age 30.

- Dental checkup
Who needs: All adults.
How often: Every 6 months, or on professional advice.
Comments: Should include cleaning and exam for oral cancer.

- Tetanus/diphtheria booster
Who needs: All adults.
How often: Every 10 years.
Comments: People over 50 are least likely to be adequately
immunized.

- Hepatitis B vaccine
Who needs: All young adults, as well as adults at high
risk.
How often: On professional advice.
Comments: All newborns should be vaccinated.

- Chickenpox vaccine
Who needs: Anyone who has never had chickenpox.
How often: Once. But above age 13 it requires two shots.
Comments: Not recommended for pregnant women or those with
compromised immunity.

- Pap smear (for early detection of cervical cancer)
Who needs: All women with a cervix, starting at age 18, or
earlier if sexually active.
How often: If 3 annual tests are normal, then once every 3
years. More often if you smoke, have multiple sex partners
or other risk factors.
Comments: Some experts advise that women who have never had
an abnormal result can stop being screened after age 65.

- Breast cancer screening (mammography)
Who needs: All women 50 and over; those 40-49 should
discuss riskfactors with a doctor.
How often: Annually. Medicare reimburses for it.
Comments: Clinical breast exams are also important-consult
your doctor.

- Colorectal cancer screening (fecal occult blood test,
sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy)
Who needs: Everyone 50 and over; earlier for those at high
risk.
How often: Occult blood test annually; sigmoidoscopy every
5 years or colonoscopy every 10 years.
Comments: Digital rectal exam and X-ray with barium enema
may also be done. Medicare now pays for colonoscopy.

- Prostate cancer screening (prostate specific antigen, or
PSA, test; and digital rectal exam, or DRE)
Who needs: Blacks and men with family history, DRE and PSA
starting at age 40. For others, DRE, and possibly PSA,
starting at 50.
How often: DRE annually; PSA on professional advice.
Comments: Usefulness of PSA screening for all men remains
controversial.

- Thyroid disease screening
Who needs: Women 50 and over; those with high cholesterol
or family history of thyroid disease.
How often: On professional advice.
Comments: Routine screening remains controversial. Talk to
your doctor about risk factors.

- Chlamydia screening
Who needs: Women 25 and younger, if sexually active.
How often: Annually, or more often.
Comments: Men and women of any age who are at risk for STDs
(chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV) should be tested.

- Glaucoma screening
Who needs: People at high risk: those over 65, very
nearsighted, or diabetic; blacks over 40; those with sleep
apnea or family history of glaucoma.
How often: On professional advice of eye specialist.
Comments: Many eye specialists advise screening all adults
every 3-5 years, starting at age 39.

- Influenza vaccine
Who needs: Everyone 50 and over, people with lung or heart
disease or cancer, and others at high risk.
How often: Annually, in autumn.
Comments: Even healthy younger adults can benefit and
should consider getting the shot.

- Pneumococcal vaccine
Who needs: Everyone 65 and over, and others at high risk
for complications.
How often: At least once.
Comments: Effective against most strains of pneumococcal
pneumonia; lasts at least 5-10 years.

- Rubella vaccine
Who needs: All women of childbearing age.
How often: Once.
Comments: Avoid during pregnancy.

There are other important preventive measures not listed
above-the kind of commonsense steps that could save
millions of medical dollars and prevent injury, illness,
disability, and premature death. Here's a checklist:

- Don't smoke, and avoid secondhand smoke.

- Maintain a healthy weight.

- Get regular exercise. Brisk walking for just half an
hour every day can be a big factor in weight control and
in staying healthy.

- Choose a diet low in animal fat and sodium, and rich in
fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat or nonfat
dairy products. Eat at least two servings of fish a
week.

- Keep alcohol consumption moderate: no more than one
drink daily for a woman, two drinks for a man. If you
are a heavy drinker, seek counseling, and cut back or
quit.

- Do self-exams of your breasts or testes, as well as
skin.

- Fasten seat belts, see that kids ride in proper
restraints, and obey the law. Drive sober and
defensively.

- Brush and floss to prevent dental disease.


Someday there may be one magic test that will accurately
detect anything and everything. Until then, this guide may
be useful in making the right healthcare decision for
yourself and your family.

(C) by Irina 2003.

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About the Author:
Irina helps people save money on healthcare and create
steady stream of residual income working from home
http://www.megaone.com/hbb/savemoney/
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